خشونت خانگی به چه معناست و انواع آن کدام است؟

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خشونت خانگی

بر اساس مطالعات جامعه شناسی ، هدف اصلی خشونت خانگی کودکان خردسال هستند.

دومین نوع خشونت معمول در خانواده، خشونت علیه زنان است.

خشونت درون خانواده بازتاب الگوهای کلی‌تر رفتار خشن است.

بسیاری از مردانی که زنان و کودکانشان را از نظر فیزیکی مورد تعرض قرار می‌دهند در زمینه‌های دیگر سابقه خشونت دارند.

پذیرش فرهنگی شکل‌هایی از خشونت خانگی مانند تنبیه بدنی ؛ از عواملی است که میزان خشونت خانگی را افزایش می‌دهد.

خشونت خانگی ممکن است برای هر کسی اتفاق بیفتد، اما معمولا این مشکل نایده گرفته می‌شود یا حتی افراد آن را انکار می‌کنند.

این سوءاستفاده محدود به قشر خاصی هم نمی‌شود؛ و قربانی‌های آن ممکن است در هر سن‌وسال، با هر جنسیت و در وضعیت‌های اقتصادی مختلفی باشند.

اولین قدم برای پایان دادن به خشونت خانگی این است که به وجود نشانه‌های آن اذعان کنیم.

مردان نیز قربانی خشونت خانگی از طرف همسران خود  می‌شوند.

بر اساس آماری که در بریتانیا  ارائه شده، از هر سه قربانی خشونت خانگی، دو نفر زن و یک نفر مرد هستند.

بر این اساس، برخی فعالان معتقدند برای مقابله مؤثرتر با معضل خشونت خانگی و جنسی باید از آن جنسیت‌زدایی کرد.

آیا رابطهٔ شما مبتنی بر آزارواذیت است؟

رابطهٔ مبتنی بر آزار و اذیت نشانه‌های زیادی دارد، که ترس از شریک زندگی، بارزترین آن است.

اگر احساس می‌کنید مدام باید مراقب باشید که چه می‌گویید و چه می‌کنید تا دعوایتان نشود، احتمالا رابطهٔ شما ناسالم و سوءاستفاده‌گرایانه است.

الف. افکار و احساسات درونی شما

  • آیا بیشتر اوقات از همسرتان می‌ترسید؟
  • آیا به‌خاطر ترس از عصبانی کردن همسرتان، دربارهٔ بعضی چیزها اصلا حرف نمی‌زنید؟
  • آیا احساس می‌کنید هیچ کار خوبی برای همسرتان نمی‌توانید انجام بدهید؟
  • آیا عقیده دارید باید مورد آزار و بدرفتاری قرار بگیرید؟
  • آیا فکر می‌کنید طرف مشکل‌دار شما هستید؟
  • آیا احساس کرختی و درماندگی می‌کنید؟

ب. رفتارهای تحقیرآمیز همسر

  • آیا همسرتان شما را تحقیر کرده و سرتان فریاد می‌کشد؟
  • آیا مدام از شما انتقاد کرده و کوچک‌تان می‌کند؟
  • آن‌قدر با شما بدرفتاری می‌کند که خجالت می‌کشید دوستان و خانواده‌تان هم ببینند؟
  • ایده‌ها و دستاوردهای شما را نادیده گرفته یا برایشان ارزشی قائل نمی‌شود؟
  • شما را مقصر رفتار سوءاستفاده‌گرایانهٔ خودش می‌داند؟
  • شما را صرفا دارایی یا ابزار جنسی می‌بیند، نه انسان؟

ج. رفتارهای خشونت‌آمیز یا تهدیدهای همسر

  • آیا همسرتان خلق‌وخوی بد یا پیش‌بینی‌ناپذیر دارد؟
  • آیا به شما آسیب می‌زند، یا تهدید به ضرب‌وشتم، یا حتی کشتن می‌کند؟
  • به دور کردن بچه‌ها از شما یا آسیب به آن‌ها تهدید می‌کند؟
  • تهدید می‌کند که اگر از منزل بروید، خودش را می‌کُشد؟
  • شما را وادار به رابطهٔ جنسی می‌کند؟
  • وسایل شما را از بین می‌برد؟

د. رفتار سلطه‌گر همسر

  • آیا همسرتان بیش از حد غیرتی است و احساس مالکیت بر شما دارد؟
  • هر جا می‌روید و هر چه می‌کنید کنترل می‌کند؟
  • نمی‌گذارد دوستان و خانوادهٔ خود را ببینید؟
  • دسترسی شما به پول، تلفن و خودرو را محدود می‌کند؟
  • مدام شما را چک می‌کند؟

 

 

آزار و اذیت عاطفی

هدف آزار و اذیت عاطفی، از بین بردن عزت‌نفس و استقلال در شماست و باعث می‌شود احساس کنید که راهی برای خروج از این رابطه وجود ندارد یا اینکه بدون طرف مقابل، شما چیزی نخواهید داشت.

شاید فکر کنید آزار و اذیت فیزیکی خیلی بدتر از آزارواذیت عاطفی است.

چون خشونت فیزیکی ممکن است کار را به بیمارستان بکشاند و زخم‌های ظاهری باقی بگذارد، اما آزارواذیت عاطفی هم آسیب‌های عمیقی وارد می‌کند؛ گاهی‌اوقات حتی عمیق‌تر از آزار جسمی.

اقتصادی

سوءاستفاده اقتصادی ( سوءاستفاده مالی) نوعی از سوءاستفاده است که یک شریک خودمانی یا محرم کنترل دسترسی شریک خود را به منبع مالی در دست بگیرد.

 دارایی های زناشویی می تواند به عنوان آلتی برای کنترل مورد استفاده قرار گیرد.

سوءاستفاده اقتصادی می توانند شامل جلوگیری همسر از استفاده از سرمایه، محدود ساختن چیزی که ممکن است قربانی از آن استفاده کند، و یا اینکه استثمار کردن منابع اقتصادی قربانی باشد.

جسمی

سوءاستفاده جسمی نوعی خشونت است که باعث به وجود آمدن ترس، درد، آسیب، و دیگر صدمات فیزیکی یا بدنی می گردد. 

در قسمت کنترل اجباری، سوءاستفاده فیزیکی به معنی کنترل کردن قربانی است.

پویایی سوءاستفاده جنسی در یک رابطه اغلب پیچیده است.

خشونت فیزیکی میتواند حاصل دیگر رفتارهای توهین آمیز مانند تهدید، ترساندن، و محدود کردن خودمختار بودن قربانی به وسیله منزوی کردن، دستکاری، و دیگر محدودیت های فردی باشد. 

امتناع از بهره گیری از خدمات پزشکی، محرومیت خواب، و اجبار به مصرف مواد مخدر یا الکل نیز گونه های دیگری از سوءاستفاده فیزیکی می باشد. 

برای وارد کردن آسیب های روحی به قربانی، ممکن است دیگر افراد مانند بچه ها، حیوانات خانگی هدف قرار گرفته شوند.

 

آزارواذیت جنسی

هر وضعیتی که طی آن مجبور به شرکت در فعالیت جنسی ناخواسته، غیرایمن یا تحقیرکننده شوید، آزار جنسی  محسوب می‌شود.

رابطهٔ جنسی اجباری، حتی با همسرتان هم، تجاوز و خشونت خانگی است.

علاوه بر این، کسانی که همسرشان از نظر جسمی یا جنسی از آنها سوءاستفاده می‌کنند، ریسک آسیب جدی یا کشته شدن هم تهدیدشان می‌کند.

چرخه

·         فاز اول تنش: فرد مهاجم عصبانی شده، شروع به تهدید می‌کند و سکوت سنگینی را به قربانی تحمیل می‌کند.

قربانی تلاش می‌کند فضا را آرام کند و در رفتار و گفتار خود دقت کند تا مهاجم را خشمگین‌تر نکند.

·         فاز دوم بحران: فرد مهاجم خشونت جسمی، جنسی، روانی اقتصادی و کلامی را اعمال می‌کند.

قربانی احساس تحقیر شدگی می‌کند و خود را در وضعیتی غیر عادلانه گرفتار می‌بیند.

·         فاز سوم توجیه: فرد مهاجم تلاش می‌کند رفتار خشن خود را توجیه کند.

قربانی تلاش می‌کند تا این توضیحات را درک کند. در مورد رفتار و گفتار خودش دچار شک می‌شود و خود را مسئول وضع پیش آمده احساس می‌کند.

·         فاز چهارم ماه عسل: مهاجم پوزش می‌خواهد، درخواست کمک می‌کند یا حتی سخن از خودکشی به میان می‌آورد.

قربانی به او شانس دیگری می‌دهد، به مهاجمش کمک می‌کند و تلاش می‌کند تا رفتار خود را تغییر دهد.

قربانی با پذیرش ضمنی اینکه رفتارش باید تغییر کند، بهانه را برای ایجاد خشونت روانی بعدی می‌دهد و به صورت تدریجی در موضع مورد خشونت واقع شده تثبیت می‌شود.

چطور می‌توان فرد پرخاشگر را به مراكز مشاوره هدایت كرد؟

گاهی این افراد راضی نمی‌شوند از روانشناسان و روانپزشكان كمك بگیرند، در این صورت باید بهترین زمان را انتخاب كرد.

آنها را متوجه رفتارشان كرد و از آنها خواست به متخصص مراجعه كنند.

در چرخه خشونت، مرحله‌ای هست به نام عذرخواهی از قربانی، درست در این مرحله است كه كسی كه مورد خشونت واقع شده باید از همسرش بخواهد كه برای تكرار نشدن چنین مواردی، از مشاور كمك بگیرد.

اگر فردی كه همسرش را آزار می‌دهد به مرحله عذرخواهی از قربانی نرسید، چطور؟

اگر این شخص بعد از این كه همسرش را مورد آزار قرار داد اصلا دچار عذاب وجدان نشد و به مرحله عذرخواهی نرسید.

یعنی شخصی است كه همواره پرخاشگر است كه یك مشكل جدی محسوب می‌شود.

در این صورت باید از افرادی كه روی او نفوذ دارند یا از نهادهای حمایتی كمك خواست تا از بروز اتفاقات ناگوار بعدی جلوگیری شود.

مرکز مشاوره دیدار ( بالاتر از میدان ولیعصر، نرسیده به خیابان فاطمی، ساختمان پرستو، 88893258 )

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  292. Arelt

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    http://jawsair.com/gb/bbs/board.php?bo_table=free&wr_id=46248
    多くの人は、PayPal がオンラインカジノの最良の支払い方法であると信じています。これは主に、銀行がギャンブル関連の取引を制限することを心配することなく、PayPal を使用すると資金を簡単に追加および削除できるためです。 コミュニケーションはあらゆるビジネスにおいて重要な要素であり、オンラインカジノのカスタマー・サービスも例外ではありません。 お住まいの州でオンライン スポーツ ベッティングが合法であり、カジノが支払いオプションとして PayPal を提供している場合は、それを選択することをお勧めします。 PayPal での最大入金額に制限はなく、追加料金を支払う必要はなく、支払いに関する制限もありません。 PayPal は非常に信頼できるサービスであるため、PayPal を提供する正規のオンライン カジノはすべて信頼できます。 日本で運営されているオンラインカジノ オススメのプラットフォームには、いくつかの欠点がある場合があります。 コミュニケーションはあらゆるビジネスにおいて重要な要素であり、オンラインカジノのカスタマー・サービスも例外ではありません。 当サイトがオススメするPayPal（ペイパル）で入金できるオンラインカジノは下記の3つです。 PayPal（ペイパル）は登録も無料で、年会費もかかりません。PayPal（ペイパル）に対応しているサイトでの利用（支払い）する際も手数料は0円です。

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